Shannon og Weavers kommunikationsforskning er blevet karakteriseret som en transmissions-tilgang til kommunikation på grund af behandlingen af information som en neutral og objektiv størrelse, der kan besiddes, transmitteres og modtages (Carey, J. W. 1988; McQuail, D. & Windahl, S. 1982; Askehave, I. & Norlyk, B. 2006). Over for den står den modsatte tilgang, nemlig kommunikation som interaktion, der, som ordet indikerer, favner en opfattelse af kommunikation som en gensidig relation mellem agerende (af det latinske agens = handlende) parter (Askehave, I. & Norlyk, B. 2006, p.38-41). Overordnet kan kommunikationsforskningen inddeles i disse to paradigmer, men de to tilgange behandles dog komplementært, og det er ofte i spændingen mellem dem, at meget kommunikation foregår. I kapitel 4.2.5 bliver dette forhold belyst gennem to eksempler fra museumsverdenen, men først kan en grundigere teoretisk udfoldelse forklare fænomenet – og anskueliggøre det ved hjælp af udvalgte kommunikationsmodeller. 4.2 TO PARADIGMER Den digitale generation på museum 29 Der findes som nævnt mange måder at definere kommunikation på. Kommunikationsprofessorerne Denis McQuail og Sven Windahl har i bogen Communication Models forsøgt at skære kommunikationsforskningen ind til benet med følgende definition: ”Communication can be any or all of the following: an action on others; an interaction with others and a reaction to others.” (McQuail, D. & Windahl, S., 1982, p.5) Denne definition kan stort set favne alle kommunikationsforskningens forskellige tilgange, men er samtidig god til at anskueliggøre årsagen til, at kommunikationsforskningen som oftest inddeles i de to overordnede paradigmer.
Forfatternes kursiveringer understreger betydningen af, hvorvidt det er afsender eller modtager, der er centrum for kommunikationen, eller om de opfattes som ligeværdige parter. An action on others indikerer en passiv modtager, der får ’påført’ sig noget, hvorimod an interaction with others involverer en dialektisk relation mellem to agerende parter. De to kommunikationsformer kan hermed repræsentere henholdsvis transmissionsparadigmet og interaktionsparadigmet, mens den sidste kommunikationsform a reaction to others kan karakteriseres som en slags blandingsform af de to ”yderpoler”, hvilket jeg vil uddybe nærmere i min nuancering af interaktionsbegrebet (kapitel 4.2.4) samt konkretisere gennem to eksempler (kapitel 4.2.5). 4.2.1 KOMMUNIKATION SOM TRANSMISSION Transmissionstilgangen illustreres bedst ved hjælp af Shannon og Weavers kommunikationsmodel: (Shannon, C. E. & Weaver, W. 1949, p.7) Modellen viser i en lineær sekvens de hovedelementer, der udgør et såkaldt kommunikationssystem og relationerne imellem disse elementer (Shannon, E. C. & Weaver, W. 1949, p.6-7). Det første element i processen er informationskilden, altså afsenderen af informationen. Dennes besked bliver transmitteret til signaler gennem det pågældende medie – foregår kommunikationen eksempelvis gennem en telefon, transmitteres stemmen gennem elektroniske impulser (signaler) til telefonen i den anden ende af linjen, hvor modtageren så hører beskeden. Pilene viser, hvordan beskeden sendes fra A til B, dog Den digitale generation på museum 30 med mulighed for at blive forstyrret af støj.
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