fra forskellige forskningsområder, der tilsammen har givet kommunikationsforskningen en bred iden-
titet (Schulz, P. J. 2010, p.xxii). Kommunikation er en grundlæggende menneskelig aktivitet, som kan
være svær at definere entydigt; al vores kommunikation er medieret gennem eksempelvis sprog, ge-
stik, tekst, billeder, telefon, tv, radio, computer, samt artefakter som for eksempel tøj, skilte, signaler,
koder, lyde osv. Det særlige ved Shannon og Weavers model er, at den ved hjælp af en simpel grafisk
form anskueliggør kommunikation som en systematisk og effektiv proces, og netop derfor har den haft
en bred appel gennem tiden – eksempelvis inden for massekommunikation (radio og TV), markeds-
kommunikation, politisk kommunikation og kommunikation i kommercielle sammenhænge (under-
holdning, reklame og Public Relations), hvor det har været en fordel at kunne effektivisere og ”styre”
kommunikationen (McQuail, D. & Windahl, S. 1982, p.7). Begrebet kommunikation har en lang historie
og har siden antikken i form af det latinske ord ”communicatio” været en betegnelse for meddelelse
(ensidig eller gensidig), udveksling, omgang, fællesskab, overførsel (Gyldendals Fremmedordbog,
1983). Kommunikation er et komplekst forhold med mange variabler, alt efter hvilken vinkel kommu-
nikationens kontekst, medie og aktører anskues ud fra. Netop derfor er der gennem tiden blevet udvik-
let en stor mængde kommunikationsmodeller – men der er ingen model, der passer på alle forhold.
Dette forhold kommer til udtryk i den efterfølgende kritik, der har været af anvendelsen af Shannon og
Weavers tekniske kommunikationsmodel i humanistiske sammenhænge. Modellen bygger ifølge Lars
Qvortrup på en tvivlsom forudsætning; den forudsætter, at de to, der kommunikerer, lever i en fælles
verden, hvor det, den ene part ser, også er det, den anden part ser. At vi skulle kunne kommunikere via
et fælles kodesystem (ens forståelseshorisonter), er ifølge Qvortrup ikke muligt i et hyperkomplekst
informationssamfund, idet den menneskelige kommunikation foregår ved hjælp af symboler, kulturel-
le koder og fortolkningsmønstre, som er forskellige fra afsender til modtager (Qvortrup, 2000, p.150).
Shannon og Weavers kommunikationsforskning er blevet karakteriseret som en transmissions-tilgang
til kommunikation på grund af behandlingen af information som en neutral og objektiv størrelse, der
kan besiddes, transmitteres og modtages (Carey, J. W. 1988; McQuail, D. & Windahl, S. 1982; Askehave,
I. & Norlyk, B. 2006). Over for den står den modsatte tilgang, nemlig kommunikation som interaktion,
der, som ordet indikerer, favner en opfattelse af kommunikation som en gensidig relation mellem age-
rende (af det latinske agens = handlende) parter (Askehave, I. & Norlyk, B. 2006, p.38-41). Overordnet
kan kommunikationsforskningen inddeles i disse to paradigmer, men de to tilgange behandles dog
komplementært, og det er ofte i spændingen mellem dem, at meget kommunikation foregår. I kapitel
4.2.5 bliver dette forhold belyst gennem to eksempler fra museumsverdenen, men først kan en grundi-
gere teoretisk udfoldelse forklare fænomenet – og anskueliggøre det ved hjælp af udvalgte kommuni-
kationsmodeller.
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