med mulighed for at blive forstyrret af støj. Her skelner Shannon og Weaver mellem teknisk støj som
tekniske forstyrrelser i eksempelvis lyd- og billedsignaler (støj i telefonforbindelsen, sne på tv-
skærmen, blækklatter på teksten m.v.) og semantisk støj som mentale forstyrrelser i A og B’s informa-
tionstransmission, hvilket kan have at gøre med identitets- og fortolkningsmæssige forhold; det kan
være forskellige holdninger til informationen, at opmærksomheden bliver distraheret, at personerne
har forskellige vidensniveauer, erfaringer, fordomme, kommunikationsevner, kulturelle baggrunde
osv. (Shannon, C. & Weaver, W., 1949, p.4). Shannon og Weaver definerer kommunikation som alle de
processer, hvor én person eller mekanisme påvirker en anden person eller mekanisme – hvilket kan
sidestilles med den beskrivelse af kommunikation som McQuail og Windahls kalder ”an action on
others” (Op.cit. p.3). I relation til Shannon og Weavers definition vil man ifølge forfatterne støde på tre
niveauer af kommunikative problemer, som afføder følgende spørgsmål
A. (technical problem): How accurately can the symbols of communication be transmitted?
B. (semantic problem): How precisely do the transmitted symbols convey the desired meaning?
C. (effectiveness problem): How effectively does the received meaning affect conduct in the de-
sired way? (Shannon, C. & Weaver, W., 1949, p.4)
Shannon og Weavers kommunikationsmodel er udviklet ud fra et ingeniørmæssigt synspunkt til at
besvare spørgsmål på niveau A, altså hvordan man bedst kan designe et kommunikationssystem, der
med akkuratesse og effektivitet kan transmittere kommunikation fra A til B. Men niveauerne skal iføl-
ge forfatterne forstås som indbyrdes relaterede, idet et problem på niveau A i princippet vil medføre
problemer på de to andre niveauer. Niveau B og C beskæftiger sig ifølge Shannon og Weaver med de
mere filosofiske forhold omkring kommunikation, hvilket kan være den tidligere nævnte semantiske
støj, som de dog ikke selv forholder sig yderligere til, men understreger, at pointen i at studere kom-
munikation på alle tre niveauer er den samme, nemlig at forstå, hvordan man kan effektivisere en
kommunikationsproces (Op.cit. p.6). Kommunikationssystemet har en præskriptiv karakter, der lidt
forenklet kan beskrives som en proces, hvor afsender påvirker modtagers adfærd eller sindstilstand.
Hvis beskedens effekt er anderledes eller mindre end intenderet, er der tale om kommunikationsbrist
og i så fald kan man undersøge, hvor i forløbet fejlen opstod (Fiske, J., 1982, p.2). Denne forståelse af
kommunikation som en lineær informationsoverførsel til en passiv modtager har samme træk som
den velkendte behavioristiske forståelse af den menneskelige adfærd som reaktioner på ydre stimuli,
de såkaldte stimulus-respons mønstre, som modellen nedenfor illustrerer
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